Glossary

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a compound cells use in energy production, and it also acts as an antioxidant. It occurs naturally in the body and in some foods, and levels tend to decline with age. It has been studied in laboratory models of aging; those findings do not establish effects in dogs.

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid found in cell membranes, where it plays a role in cell signaling. It is present at high concentrations in brain tissue and has been studied in laboratory and clinical research on cognition; findings in other species do not establish effects in dogs.

Polygala is a genus of flowering plants used in traditional herbal practice. Extracts have been studied in laboratory animals for effects on nerve growth factors and memory-related behavior; those findings are preclinical and do not establish effects in dogs.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant nutrient that helps protect cell membranes, including those of nerve cells, from oxidative damage. It is an essential nutrient in canine diets, and deficiency is rare in dogs fed complete commercial diets.

BioCog is the name of a proprietary ingredient blend. Its individual components have been studied in laboratory settings for antioxidant activity. Laboratory findings do not establish effects in dogs; talk to your veterinarian before adding any supplement.

Salvia is a genus of plants in the mint family that includes common sage. Extracts have been studied in laboratory settings for antioxidant activity; those findings are preclinical.

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a compound the body produces that participates in methylation reactions and in the production of glutathione, an antioxidant. It has been studied in human and veterinary research on liver and cognitive health; any use in a pet belongs under veterinary guidance.

Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in enzyme function, immune health, and cell signaling. Dogs obtain it from complete commercial diets; both deficiency and excess cause problems, so supplementation beyond a complete diet should only happen under veterinary guidance.

Curcumin is the principal active compound in turmeric root. It has been widely studied in laboratory settings for antioxidant activity. Its absorption when taken orally is limited, which is a major focus of formulation research.